In humans, muscle fatigue can be defined as exercise-induced decrease in the ability to produce force. Instead, turbulence occurs when a critical Reynolds number (Re) is exceeded, and the turbulence then increases further at higher velocities. Reynolds number is a way to predict, under ideal conditions, when turbulence will occur. Muscle fatigue is a common complaint in clinical practice. Therefore, as blood flow velocity increases in a blood vessel or across a heart valve, there is not a gradual increase in turbulence. Turbulence does not occur until the velocity of flow becomes high enough that the flow lamina separate. viscosity, resistance of a fluid to flow. Alternatively, at a specific perfusion pressure, turbulence leads to a decrease in flow. Fatty acids have important roles in: 1) signal-transduction pathways 2) cellular fuel sources 3) the composition of hormones and lipids 4) the modification of proteins and 5) energy storage within adipose tissue (specialized fat cells) in the form of triacylglycerols. Definition: the ability of a vessel to expand in response to changes in pressure Equation: C V/P. When plotting a pressure-flow relationship (see figure), turbulence increases the perfusion pressure required to drive a particular flow. Definition: the ability of a blood vessel to return to its original shape after expanding Vascular compliance. Turbulence increases the energy required to drive blood flow because turbulence increases the loss of energy as friction, which generates heat and is dissipated. Turbulent flow also occurs in large arteries at branch points, in diseased and narrowed (stenotic or partially obstructed) arteries (see figure below), and across stenotic heart valves. When this occurs, blood does not flow linearly and smoothly in adjacent layers, but instead, the flow can be described as being chaotic. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. By responding to various stimuli, it can control the velocity and amount of blood carried through the vessels. However, under conditions of high flow, particularly in the ascending aorta, laminar flow can be disrupted and turbulent. The cardiovascular system provides blood supply throughout the body. The most common cause of HVS is Waldenstrom. Elevated blood viscosity is the result of either red blood cell shape deformity or a pathological increase in serum proteins, red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), or platelets. In the body, blood flow is laminar in most blood vessels. Hyperviscosity syndrome (HVS) is an oncologic emergency that classically presents with the triad of neurological deficits, visual changes, and mucosal bleeding.
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